Berberine and GLP-1 Supplements: Alternatives to Ozempic and Mounjaro?

Naturecan GLP-1 Supplement, Berberine and Myo-Inositol bottles with high-fibre foods, measuring tape and injection pens
Author: Jordan Caulfield | Reviewed by: Paul Holmes | Updated: July 2026
Dr Lilla Csonka, Medical Advisor at Naturecan
Medically reviewed by Dr Lilla Csonka Medical Advisor at Naturecan Reviewed 10 December 2025

Searches for “natural Ozempic” usually come from people looking for one of three things: better appetite control, steadier blood sugar or support with weight management. The difficulty is that these goals are often treated as though they are interchangeable.

Ozempic and Mounjaro are prescription medicines with direct and powerful effects on hormone receptors involved in appetite and blood glucose regulation. Foods and supplements may influence some related pathways, but they do not reproduce the same mechanism or expected level of weight loss.

This guide explains what “natural Ozempic” can realistically mean, compares the leading options, such as berberine or GLP-1 supplements, and helps you identify which approach is most relevant to your goal. You can also explore Naturecan’s GLP-1 Collection for relevant products mentioned throughout this guide.

The quick answer

There is no natural equivalent to Ozempic or Mounjaro. Berberine has some evidence for supporting blood glucose and lipid markers, while fibre, protein, meal composition and post-meal activity may help with fullness or post-meal glucose. Their effects are generally smaller, less predictable and not a substitute for clinically indicated treatment.

    Choose the option that matches your goal

    Start here

    Protein, fibre and meal structure

    Why?

    These strategies target meal satisfaction and appetite rather than directly activating GLP-1 receptors.

    Ozempic, berberine and lifestyle strategies at a glance

    OptionWhat it doesEvidence for weight lossBest understood as
    Ozempic (semaglutide)Directly activates GLP-1 receptors. Licensed for type 2 diabetes.Strong in appropriate clinical populations, but Ozempic itself is not licensed as a general weight-loss product.Prescription diabetes medicine
    Wegovy (semaglutide)Uses semaglutide at a licensed weight-management dose alongside diet and activity.Strong in eligible adults receiving clinical support.Prescription weight-management medicine
    Mounjaro (tirzepatide)
    Activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors.Strong in eligible clinical populations.Prescription diabetes and weight-management medicine
    GLP-1 supplementsCombine nutrients or botanicals intended to support fullness, carbohydrate digestion or metabolic markers.Evidence is generally limited or indirect.A convenient format that may support specific goals, not a natural form of prescription GLP-1 treatment.
    BerberineInfluences several metabolic pathways, including AMPK-related signalling.Limited and inconsistent; effects are much smaller than prescription medicines.Metabolic-support supplement
    Reducose / mulberry leaf extractSlows the digestion of some carbohydrates by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase.Not primarily established as a weight-loss ingredient.Post-meal glucose-support supplement
    Protein, fibre and activityMay support fullness, dietary consistency, muscle retention and glucose handling.Useful components of a wider weight-management plan.Lifestyle foundation

    What does “natural Ozempic” actually mean?

    The phrase is not a medical category. It is commonly used in three different ways, and separating them prevents misleading comparisons.

    1. Something that works through the same receptor

    No currently marketed food supplement directly reproduces the licensed, dose-controlled GLP-1 receptor action of semaglutide. Products labelled as “GLP-1 supplements” usually combine ingredients such as berberine, mulberry leaf extract, fibre, protein-related nutrients or other botanicals. Their effects depend on the individual ingredients, and they should not be treated as a single clinically proven category.

    2. Something that may influence the body’s own appetite or glucose signals

    Protein, fibre, mixed meals and certain plant compounds can affect digestion, fullness and gut-hormone responses. This does not mean they create a drug-like GLP-1 effect. The size and duration of the response are different, and findings from one food or study population cannot automatically be applied to everyone.

    Natural supplements in wooden spoons and a bowl surrounded by green botanical leaves

    3. Something that supports a similar end goal

    A person searching for a natural alternative may simply want less hunger, fewer energy dips or a more structured weight-management routine. Those goals can often be approached with nutrition, activity, sleep and, where appropriate, supplements. The right choice depends on the outcome being targeted.

    What Is Ozempic?

    Ozempic is the brand name for semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist originally developed to treat Type 2 diabetes. It works by mimicking a hormone called GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), which regulates blood sugar and reduces appetite. It is administered as a weekly self-injection and is licensed for Type 2 diabetes management by the MHRA. Its use for weight loss in people without diabetes remains off-label in many contexts, though a related medication, Wegovy, is licensed specifically for obesity management.

    Mounjaro (tirzepatide) is a newer GLP-1 and GIP dual receptor agonist that is licensed in Australia for type 2 diabetes and, for eligible adults, weight management. [13]

    Are GLP-1 medicines safe?

    GLP-1 medicines have been through clinical assessment, but like all medicines they can cause side effects [12,14]. Common effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation, particularly during dose escalation. Product information also covers less common but important risks and situations where treatment may not be suitable.

    Current Australia safety update

    In January 2026, the TGA strengthened warnings across GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 medicines about acute pancreatitis, including rare severe cases [12]. Anyone taking these medicines should seek urgent medical advice for severe, persistent abdominal pain that may spread to the back, particularly when accompanied by nausea or vomiting.

    What is GLP-1?

    GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is a hormone produced in the gut in response to food. It signals to the pancreas to release insulin, slows the rate at which food leaves the stomach, and sends satiety signals to the brain. Higher GLP-1 activity means better blood sugar regulation, slower gastric emptying, and reduced appetite. This is why GLP-1 receptor agonists like Ozempic are effective for both diabetes and weight management.

    Natural compounds including berberine and certain dietary polyphenols may influence GLP-1 signalling through gut-based mechanisms, though the effect size is considerably smaller than that of pharmaceutical GLP-1 agonists. [3]

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    The evidence-ranked natural options

    Rather than ranking every ingredient as a weaker version of Ozempic, it is more useful to group options by the outcome they may support.

    1. Berberine: the most searched “natural Ozempic” supplement

    Berberine is a plant-derived alkaloid found in species including Berberis vulgaris and Coptis chinensis. It has a long history of traditional use and has been investigated in modern studies for blood glucose, lipid and metabolic outcomes.

    Berberine is frequently called “nature’s Ozempic”, but the label is inaccurate. It does not directly activate GLP-1 receptors in the way semaglutide does. Laboratory research suggests it may influence AMPK-related cellular energy pathways, insulin sensitivity, the gut microbiome and gut-hormone signalling, but human outcomes vary by dose, population and study design.

    What berberine may support

    • Blood glucose and HbA1c in some people with type 2 diabetes, based on several clinical trials and meta-analyses.
    • Certain blood lipid markers, although results are not uniform across studies.
    • General metabolic support as part of a wider diet and activity plan.

    What berberine has not been shown to do

    • Reproduce the appetite suppression or average weight loss associated with prescription GLP-1 medicines.
    • Replace treatment for type 2 diabetes, obesity or another diagnosed metabolic condition.
    • Produce reliable, substantial weight loss when used on its own.
    Naturecan Berberine supplement bottle with capsules on a wooden surface

    Berberine evidence card

    What may it support?

    Blood glucose and lipid metabolism in some studied populations.

    Does it activate GLP-1 receptors?

    No. Any influence on GLP-1 signalling is indirect and not equivalent to a receptor agonist.

    How quickly was it studied?

    Many trials assess outcomes over approximately 8 to 16 weeks, although study durations vary.

    What are the main limitations?

    Variable absorption, digestive side effects, interaction potential and inconsistent weight-loss findings.

    Who needs professional advice?

    Anyone using prescribed medicines, or with diabetes, liver or kidney problems, or who is pregnant or breastfeeding.

    Evidence in context

    Berberine has stronger evidence for certain metabolic markers than it does for clinically meaningful weight loss. Some studies report small reductions in body weight or waist measures, but the evidence includes varied populations, short study periods and frequent co-interventions such as dietary change. Results should not be compared directly with semaglutide or tirzepatide trials.

    Is berberine safe?

    Berberine can cause nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, constipation or bloating. These effects may be more noticeable when starting or when larger amounts are used. Long-term, high-quality safety data are more limited than short-term trial data.

    Berberine can also affect drug-metabolising enzymes and transporters, so interactions are possible. Speak to a doctor or pharmacist before use if you take prescribed medication, especially:

    Medication cautions

    Glucose-lowering medicines

    Combined effects could increase the risk of low blood glucose.

    Anticoagulants or antiplatelet medicines

    Interaction or altered medicine exposure may increase safety concerns.

    Ciclosporin and other narrow-therapeutic-index medicines

    Berberine may alter drug metabolism or transport.

    Some statins and other CYP-metabolised medicines

    Medicine exposure may be affected.

    How to assess a berberine supplement in Australia

    • A clearly stated amount per serving, rather than a proprietary blend with hidden quantities.
    • The specific berberine form and botanical source.
    • Batch, identity or contaminant testing that can be verified.
    • Full allergen and ingredient disclosure.
    • Clear cautions for pregnancy, breastfeeding and medicine interactions.
    • No claim that the product contains semaglutide or works as a direct replacement for prescription treatment.
    • Realistic language about metabolic support rather than guaranteed weight loss.

    2. Reducose and mulberry leaf extract

    Reducose is a standardised mulberry leaf extract. Its best-supported role is not appetite suppression; it is the reduction of carbohydrate digestion speed through inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine.

    In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adults without diabetes, mulberry leaf extract reduced post-meal glucose and insulin responses compared with placebo [7]. This makes it more relevant to post-meal glucose support than to direct weight loss.

    Best matched goal

    Mulberry leaf extract is most logically considered by people interested in the response to carbohydrate-containing meals. It should not be described as a natural form of semaglutide or as a treatment for diabetes.

    People taking glucose-lowering medicines should check compatibility with a healthcare professional because combining interventions may increase the risk of blood glucose falling too low.

    3. Inositol

    Inositol is a naturally occurring compound involved in cell signalling. Myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol have been researched most extensively in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, where insulin resistance can be part of the clinical picture. However, a 2024 systematic review concluded that the overall evidence remains limited and inconclusive. [15]

    That evidence does not make inositol a general Ozempic alternative. It may be relevant to a specific PCOS-related goal, but it should not be presented as a universal appetite suppressant or weight-loss supplement. Anyone with suspected PCOS should seek assessment rather than relying on a supplement to self-treat symptoms.

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    Myo Inositol Product Imagery

    4. Protein-rich meals

    Protein can increase meal satisfaction and may support fullness in some people. Systematic reviews suggest that higher-protein diets can improve appetite sensations in adults with overweight or obesity, although study methods and findings vary. [8] 

    A practical approach is to include a meaningful protein source at each main meal, such as eggs, fish, lean meat, tofu, tempeh, beans, lentils, Greek-style yoghurt or a suitable protein product. The appropriate amount varies with body size, diet, activity and medical circumstances.

    Protein is also important during weight loss because it helps support muscle maintenance, particularly when combined with resistance exercise. This matters because rapid weight loss can include loss of lean tissue as well as body fat.

    Protein-rich foods including salmon, chicken, eggs, tofu, lentils, beans, yoghurt and nuts
    High-fibre foods including fruit, vegetables, beans, nuts and seeds arranged beside a grocery bag

    5. Fibre and high-volume foods

    Fibre can support fullness by adding volume, absorbing water and slowing parts of digestion. Fermentable fibres may also be used by gut bacteria to produce short-chain fatty acids, which can interact with gut and metabolic signalling.

    Psyllium has been studied for satiety. In short randomised crossover trials, doses taken before meals increased fullness and reduced hunger compared with placebo [9]. This is a satiety effect, not proof that psyllium replicates a GLP-1 medicine or causes substantial weight loss.

    Food-first sources include vegetables, pulses, whole grains, fruit, nuts and seeds. Fibre should be increased gradually and accompanied by adequate fluid. People with swallowing difficulties, bowel narrowing, significant digestive disease or relevant medication should seek advice before using concentrated fibre supplements.

    6. Meal order

    Small crossover studies in people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes have found that eating vegetables and protein before concentrated carbohydrate can reduce the immediate post-meal glucose rise compared with eating carbohydrate first [10].

    A simple version is to begin a meal with vegetables and a protein source, then eat the starchier component. This does not require separating a meal into rigid courses, and it should not be treated as a substitute for the overall quality or quantity of the diet.

    7. Walking after meals

    Post-meal activity increases glucose uptake by working muscle. Systematic reviews indicate that exercise performed after eating can reduce post-meal glucose excursions more effectively than remaining inactive, with walking being the most practical option for many people [11].

    A short, comfortable walk after a main meal may therefore be useful, especially after a carbohydrate-rich meal. The intensity and duration should be appropriate to the person’s mobility, fitness and medical status.

    Man and woman taking a walk together after a meal in a wooded park

    Featured Supplement:
    Berberine

    Berberine, a plant-based compound, has emerged as a powerful natural alternative to Ozempic and Mounjaro.

    Berberine works by activating an enzyme called AMPK (Activated Protein Kinase) which plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism and energy balance.

    By enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, berberine can help reduce blood sugar spikes and potentially support weight loss, and may promote longevity.

    Potential Benefits:

    • Supports healthy blood sugar levels
    • May improve cholesterol levels
    • Vegan
    • 500mg per capsule
    • 2 month supply
    Berberine
    Berberine
    Berberine
    Berberine
    Berberine
    Berberine
    Analysis report for Naturecan Berberine capsules with sample details and purity results from Limbach Analytics GmbH.
    Naturecan Berberine Capsules supplement bottle and loose capsules on a light marble surface, with a dark teal text panel on the left listing benefits and several certification badges along the bottom.
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    Berberine
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    Berberine
    Berberine
    Berberine
    Berberine
    Berberine
    Berberine
    Analysis report for Naturecan Berberine capsules with sample details and purity results from Limbach Analytics GmbH.
    Naturecan Berberine Capsules supplement bottle and loose capsules on a light marble surface, with a dark teal text panel on the left listing benefits and several certification badges along the bottom.
    A supplement bottle labeled Naturecan Berberine on a pale green background with large text reading 'It's All in the Detail' and a callout panel showing 120 capsules, 120 daily servings, and 500mg Rebersa Berberine extract.
    An informational infographic titled 'What does the science say?' about berberine, with four dark teal text panels explaining metabolic pathways, cholesterol metabolism, triglyceride support, and bioavailability, set on a pale mint background with small line icons.
    Instructional graphic showing a hand holding a single capsule pill next to the text 'How to Take.
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    Berberine

    $44.00
    View Details

    A practical “natural GLP-1 support” meal

    The most useful strategy is often not one ingredient but a meal that combines several evidence-based principles:

    Meal componentExamplePurpose
    Vegetables or saladLeafy greens, peppers, tomatoes, broccoli or mixed vegetablesAdds fibre, water and volume.
    ProteinChicken, fish, tofu, eggs, beans or lentilsSupports fullness and muscle maintenance.
    Higher-fibre carbohydrateWhole grains, pulses, potatoes with skin or fruitProvides energy with more fibre and structure.
    Healthy fatOlive oil, avocado, nuts or seedsAdds palatability and may slow meal digestion.
    After-meal movementA comfortable 10-20 minute walk where suitableSupports post-meal glucose handling.

    This approach supports appetite and metabolic health without claiming to imitate a prescription medicine.

    Menopause, appetite and metabolic health

    Perimenopause and menopause can coincide with changes in body composition, sleep, activity and how fat is distributed. These changes can make weight management feel different, but they do not mean that a supplement is a direct substitute for personalised menopause care or prescription treatment. [16]

    A useful starting point is the same evidence-based foundation described above: adequate protein and fibre, resistance and aerobic activity, sleep support and meals that help manage post-meal glucose. Women with persistent symptoms, rapid or unexplained weight change, or concerns about blood glucose should speak to a GP.

    Not sure whether your symptoms may relate to perimenopause or menopause?

    The test is a symptom-based educational tool and does not replace a medical diagnosis.

    Woman experiencing perimenopause sitting beside a bedroom window

    What results are realistic?

    Natural strategies are usually gradual. They work through behaviour, meal composition or modest changes in metabolic markers rather than a sustained pharmacological receptor effect.

    Woman lightly holding her stomach while assessing digestive changes

    First few days

    What may happen: You may notice changes in digestion, meal satisfaction or tolerance to a supplement.

    Keep in mind: Do not interpret early scale changes as proof of fat loss.

    Woman looking inside a fridge while planning a balanced meal

    After 2-4 weeks

    What may happen: Meal structure and appetite patterns may become easier to evaluate.

    Keep in mind: A lack of dramatic appetite suppression does not mean the overall approach has failed.

    Person checking their blood glucose level with a glucose meter

    After 8-12 weeks

    What may happen: Some studies assess glucose, lipid or body-measure outcomes over this period.

    Keep in mind: Any change cannot automatically be attributed to one supplement when diet and activity have also changed.

    Person standing on bathroom scales to monitor changes in body weight

    After 3-6 months

    What may happen: Meaningful changes in body weight are more likely to reflect the combined routine and how consistently it has been followed.

    Keep in mind: Supplements should not be expected to reproduce prescription-drug results.

    Track the outcome that matches your goal

    Someone targeting post-meal energy may track meal composition and symptoms. Someone targeting weight management may track weekly trends, waist measurement, strength and dietary consistency. People with diabetes should use clinically appropriate monitoring agreed with their healthcare team.

    Who should speak to a healthcare professional first?

    Do not rely on supplements as a substitute for assessment if you have diagnosed diabetes, significant unexplained weight change, symptoms of high or low blood glucose, severe digestive symptoms or a history of pancreatitis.

    Professional advice is especially important if you:

    • Take any prescribed medicine, particularly medicines for diabetes, blood pressure, blood clotting, cholesterol, mood or immune suppression.
    • Are pregnant, breastfeeding or trying to conceive.
    • Have liver, kidney, gallbladder or significant gastrointestinal disease.
    • Have a current or previous eating disorder.
    • Are already using Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro or another weight-management medicine.
    • Are considering stopping or changing a prescribed medicine.

    Can supplements be taken with Ozempic or Mounjaro?

    Do not assume that “natural” means interaction-free. Combining berberine, mulberry leaf extract or concentrated fibre with prescription treatment may change blood glucose, digestive symptoms or the absorption and tolerability of medicines. A pharmacist, prescriber or dietitian familiar with your treatment can assess the specific combination.

    Patient discussing supplements and prescription medicines with a doctor
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    Featured Supplement: GLP-1 Bundle

    $162.99
    $181.94

    Naturecan’s GLP-1 Bundle combines berberine, Reducose and omega-3 as a structured supplement routine. Each component has a different purpose: berberine is included for general metabolic support, Reducose for the response to carbohydrate-containing meals and omega-3 for its established contribution to normal heart function at the required intake.

    The bundle is not a pharmaceutical equivalent to Ozempic, Wegovy or Mounjaro, and it is not intended to treat obesity or diabetes. It is designed for adults seeking a practical supplement routine alongside an appropriate diet, regular activity and realistic expectations.

    View Details
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    For further support

    To learn more about supporting your body’s natural GLP-1 pathways with science-backed nutrition, discover our GLP-1 Collection, explore the individual GLP-1 Supplement, Berberine and Glucose Support Capsules.

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    Conclusion

    There is no natural product that delivers the same mechanism or expected effect as Ozempic, Wegovy or Mounjaro. The phrase “natural Ozempic” is most useful when it is treated as a question about goals rather than a promise of a direct replacement.

    Among the supplements covered here, berberine has the broadest evidence base for selected metabolic and blood sugar markers, but it is not a treatment for diabetes or obesity. [1,2,4,5] It is not a pharmaceutical equivalent of Ozempic, and no supplement can replicate the effect size of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. For people with mild to moderate weight management goals who are not at the clinical threshold for prescription treatment, it is a practical, well-researched starting point with a straightforward safety profile.

    For people with obesity, type 2 diabetes or significant metabolic risk, supplements should not delay evidence-based medical care. For otherwise healthy adults seeking gradual support, the most reliable starting point is a structured plan that combines food quality, adequate protein and fibre, movement, sleep and a supplement only where it has a clear purpose.

    If you are ready to explore further:

    Disclaimer: This article is educational and is not a diagnosis or a substitute for personalised medical advice. It should be medically reviewed before publication, particularly the sections on medicine access, contraindications, interactions and the final wording of any attributed clinical quotation.

    Want practical support for your GLP-1 journey?

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    Download our free GLP-1 guide!

    Weight-loss tips, lifestyle advice, and practical support — all in one place.

    In this guide, we share easy, actionable tips to help you get the most out of your GLP-1 routine, support healthy weight loss, and build habits you can actually stick to.

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    References

    1. Yin, J., Xing, H. and Ye, J. (2008) 'Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus', Metabolism, 57(5), pp.712–717. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.013

    2. Zhang, Y., Li, X., Zou, D., Liu, W., Yang, J., Zhu, N., Huo, L., Wang, M., Hong, J., Wu, P., Ren, G. and Ning, G. (2008) 'Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93(7), pp.2559–2565. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2404

    3. Lee, Y.S., Kim, W.S., Kim, K.H., Yoon, M.J., Cho, H.J., Shen, Y., Ye, J.M., Lee, C.H., Oh, W.K., Kim, C.T., Hohnen-Behrens, C., Gosby, A., Kraegen, E.W., James, D.E. and Kim, J.B. (2006) 'Berberine, a natural plant product, activates AMP-activated protein kinase with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic and insulin-resistant states', Diabetes, 55(8), pp.2256–2264. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0006

    4. Zamani, M., Zarei, M., Nikpayam, O., Hosseini, S., Jamshidi, S. and Heidari Seyedmahalleh, M. (2019) 'The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis', Scientific Reports, 9(1), 19360. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55836-3

    5. Lan, J., Zhao, Y., Dong, F., Yan, Z., Zheng, W., Fan, J. and Sun, G. (2015) 'Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and hypertension', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 161, pp.69–81. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049

    6. Feng, X., Sureda, A., Jafari, S., Memariani, Z., Tewari, D., Annunziata, G., Barrea, L., Hassan, S.T.S., Smejkal, K., Malanik, M., Sychrova, A., Barreca, D., Ziberna, L., Mahomoodally, M.F., Zengin, G., Xu, S., Nabavi, S.M. and Shen, A.Z. (2019) 'Berberine in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: from mechanisms to therapeutics', Theranostics, 9(7), pp.1923–1951. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.30787 [Covers CYP enzyme inhibition and drug interaction mechanisms.]

    7. Lown, M., Fuller, R., Lightowler, H., Fraser, A., Gallagher, A., Stuart, B., Byrne, C. and Lewandowski, P. (2017) 'Mulberry-extract improves glucose tolerance and decreases insulin concentrations in normoglycaemic adults: results of a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study', PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0172239. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172239

    8. de Carvalho, K.M.B. et al. (2020) “Dietary protein and appetite sensations in individuals with overweight and obesity: a systematic review”, European Journal of Nutrition, 59(6), pp. 2317-2332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02321-1

    9. Brum, J.M. et al. (2016) “Satiety effects of psyllium in healthy volunteers”, Appetite, 105, pp. 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.041

    10. Shannan, A. et al. (2018) “The impact of food order on postprandial glycaemic excursions in prediabetes”, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 21(2), pp. 377-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13503

    11. Engeroff, T., Groneberg, D.A. and Wilke, J. (2023) “After Dinner Rest a While, After Supper Walk a Mile? A systematic review with meta-analysis on the acute postprandial glycaemic response to exercise before and after meal ingestion”, Sports Medicine, 53(4), pp. 849-869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01808-7

    12. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (2026) “GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists: strengthened warnings on acute pancreatitis, including necrotising and fatal cases”, 29 January 2026. GOV.UK.

    13. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2024, updated 2025) Tirzepatide for managing overweight and obesity. Technology appraisal guidance TA1026.

    14. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2025, updated 2026) Overweight and obesity management. NICE guideline NG246.

    15. Fitz, V. et al. (2024) 'Inositol for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis to inform the 2023 update of the International Evidence-based PCOS Guidelines', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 109(6), pp.1630-1655. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad762

    16. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2024, updated 2026) Menopause: identification and management. NICE guideline NG23. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23

    17. Wilding, J.P.H. et al. (2021) 'Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity', New England Journal of Medicine, 384, pp.989-1002. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183